Using the French Future Tense

Utilizing the French Future Tense When youre beginning to gain proficiency with any language, you have to realize how to utilize the future tense. In spite of the fact that it capacities also in French as in English, a few contrasts are worth considering.â Fundamental Future Tense in French The French future tense discussions about up and coming occasions. While the French future tense has a full arrangement of conjugations, the English comparable is only the modular action word willâ plus the primary action word. For instance: Jirai au magasin demain. /I will go to the store tomorrow.Ils mangeront dans lavion. /They will eat on the plane. Restrictive Use The French future tense can likewise be utilized in si provisions, to communicate what will occur if a condition is met: Si jai le temps, je le ferai. /If I have time, I will do it.Je le ferai si jai le temps. /I will do it in the event that I have time. French Vs. English There are a few contrasts between the French and English future tenses. At the point when the activity of the action word after specific developments will occur later on, the future tense is utilized in French, while in English the current state is utilized: Quand il arrivera, nous mangerons. /When he shows up, we will eat.Je vous tã ©lã ©phonerai dã ¨s que je pourrai. /Ill call you when I can. In news coverage and other genuine portrayal, what's to come is regularly utilized in French despite the fact that the occasions are before: Nã © en Martinique, Aimã © Cã ©saire à ©tudiera Paris et redã ©couvrira lAfrique. /Born in Martinique, Aimã © Cã ©saire concentrated in Paris and rediscovered Africa. In French, the future can likewise be utilized for gracious requests and demands, instead of the vous type of the goal: Vous fermerez la porte, sil vous plaã ®t. /Close the entryway, if it's not too much trouble To communicate something that will happen very soon, you likewise can utilize the futurâ procheâ (near future tense). Sporadic Verbs The future isâ one of the least complex French tenses. There is just one lot of endings for all action words, and the vast majority of them-even numerous that are sporadic in the current state utilize their infinitive as the root. French has just around two dozenâ stem-changingâ or unpredictable action words that have sporadic future stems yet take similar endings. Precisely the same action words are sporadic in theâ conditionalâ and utilize the sameâ stems. acheterâ â achã ¨ter- â â similar verbs:â achever,â amener,â emmener, lever,â promeneracquã ©rirâ â acquerr- â â similar verbs:â conquã ©rir, senquã ©rirappelerâ â appeller- â â similar verbs:â ã ©peler, rappeler,â renouvelerallerâ â ir-avoirâ â aur-courirâ â courr- â â similar verbs:â concourir, discourir, parcourirdevoirâ â devr-envoyerâ â enverr-essayerâ â essaier- â â similar verbs:â balayer,â effrayer, payeressuyerâ â essuier- â â similar verbs:â appuyer, ennuyerã ªtreâ â ser-faireâ â fer-falloirâ â faudr-jeterâ â jetter- â â similar verbs:â feuilleter,â hoqueter,â projeter,â rejeternettoyerâ â nettoier- â â similar verbs:â employer,â noyer,â tutoyerpleuvoirâ â pleuvr-pouvoirâ â pourr-savoirâ â saur-tenirâ â tiendr- â â similar verbs:â maintenir, obtenir, soutenirvaloirâ â vaudr-venirâ â viendr- â â similar verbs:â devenir, parvenir, revenirvoirâ â verr- â â similar verb:â revoirvouloirâ â voudr- French Future Conjugations To conjugate an action word finishing off with - er or - ir later on tense, add the suitable endings to the infinitive. For action words finishing off with - re, evacuate the last - e and afterward include the future endings. For unpredictable action words, add the endings to the sporadic future stem. Here are the future conjugations for the normal verbsâ parlerâ (to speak),â finirâ (to finish), andâ vendreâ (to sell), and the unpredictable verbâ allerâ (to go):  Pronoun Future consummation parler- finir- vendre vendr- aller ir- je - ai parlerai finirai vendrai irai tu - as parleras finiras vendras iras il - a parlera finira vendra ira nous - ons parlerons finirons vendrons irons vous - ez parlerez finirez vendrez irez ils - ont parleront finiront vendront iront

Setting in Tess of DUbervilles by Thomas Hardy :: essays research papers

Tess of the d'Urbervilles, by Thomas Hardy, utilizes setting as a primary source to set up importance and environment, and add to subjects. The d'Urberville domain is a position of disrespect and misdirection, though the Talbothays dairy ranch is a position of expectation and fresh starts. Tess' house is the bogus shelter from the objecting society. The d'Urberville domain is flawlessly depicted by the clichã © ?looks can be deluding.? In spite of the fact that the house is delightful, misdirection and deceit loom inside. Alec d?Urberville misdirects Tess and exploits her naivety, demonstrating the cultural importance of ?Man over Woman.? His longing for Tess eventually triumphs over her protection from him, coming about in Tess?s shocking ruin. Besides, it demonstrates society?s twofold standard in survey people. It is socially adequate for d?Urberville to have illicit relationships, however when Tess is enticed, she is viewed as unclean and an inappropriate woman. Likewise, it is at this domain that d?Urberville dishonestly unveils to Tess that she isn't of d?Urberville blood in light of her family?s poor mechanical status and, hence, not of an honorable class. At Talbothays, Tess starts another life. The air is new and the individuals are warm and cordial, misdirection is imperceptible. Tess and Angel Clare go for some strolls through the forested areas in the lively morning air, and it is there that Clare instructs Tess scholarly information just as his dismissal of Christianity. Steadily, the couple?s fascination for one another develops into genuine romance and they are before long hitched, in spite of Clare?s guardians? dissatisfaction on the grounds that Tess is a humble dairymaid and not of a blue-blooded class as they seem to be. Tess is incredibly pulled in to Clare, as are three different dairymaids at the ranch, Marian, Izz, and Retty. Their affection for him controls their feelings and activities, for example, Retty endeavoring self destruction and Marian?s straying into liquor addiction after Tess and Clare?s marriage. Tess?s home is her place of shelter, however it doesn't generally work as a singular spot for her. She gets back after her stay at the d?Urberville bequest, yet is avoided by society in light of her with only one parent present kid. At the point when she gets back by and by from her stay at Talbothays, she is viewed with doubt since her better half, Clare, is missing. During each visit, Tess made an endeavor to withdraw from the unforgiving scene, however she would never completely escape society. Setting in Tess of D'Ubervilles by Thomas Hardy :: papers look into papers Tess of the d'Urbervilles, by Thomas Hardy, utilizes setting as a primary source to set up importance and environment, and add to subjects. The d'Urberville home is a position of disrespect and misleading, while the Talbothays dairy ranch is a position of expectation and fresh starts. Tess' house is the bogus asylum from the opposing society. The d'Urberville home is superbly portrayed by the clichã © ?looks can be misdirecting.? In spite of the fact that the chateau is delightful, trickiness and slyness loom inside. Alec d?Urberville beguiles Tess and exploits her naivety, demonstrating the cultural hugeness of ?Man over Woman.? His longing for Tess at last triumphs over her protection from him, coming about in Tess?s unfortunate ruin. In addition, it demonstrates society?s twofold standard in survey people. It is socially satisfactory for d?Urberville to have illicit relationships, however when Tess is allured, she is viewed as unclean and an inappropriate woman. What's more, it is at this home d?Urberville erroneously reveals to Tess that she isn't of d?Urberville blood due to her family?s poor modern status and, in this way, not of a respectable class. At Talbothays, Tess starts another life. The environment is new and the individuals are warm and neighborly, double dealing is imperceptible. Tess and Angel Clare go for some strolls through the forested areas in the lively morning air, and it is there that Clare educates Tess scholarly information just as his dismissal of Christianity. Bit by bit, the couple?s fascination for one another develops into genuine romance and they are before long hitched, in spite of Clare?s guardians? objection in light of the fact that Tess is a humble dairymaid and not of a noble class as they seem to be. Tess is incredibly pulled in to Clare, as are three different dairymaids at the homestead, Marian, Izz, and Retty. Their adoration for him controls their feelings and activities, for example, Retty endeavoring self destruction and Marian?s straying into liquor addiction after Tess and Clare?s marriage. Tess?s home is her place of shelter, however it doesn't generally work as a single spot for her. She gets back after her stay at the d?Urberville domain, yet is avoided by society as a result of her with only one parent present youngster. At the point when she gets back by and by from her stay at Talbothays, she is viewed with doubt since her better half, Clare, is missing. During each visit, Tess made an endeavor to withdraw from the cruel world, yet she would never completely escape society.

Disclosing Your PTSD Diagnosis

Disclosing Your PTSD Diagnosis PTSD Diagnosis Print Disclosing Your PTSD Diagnosis By Matthew Tull, PhD twitter Matthew Tull, PhD is a professor of psychology at the University of Toledo, specializing in post-traumatic stress disorder. Learn about our editorial policy Matthew Tull, PhD Updated on October 21, 2019 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes & Risk Factors Treatment Living With In Children Tetra Images / Creative RF / Getty Images Have you recently been diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and are you thinking of disclosing your PTSD diagnosis to someone? This can be a stressful experience, as well as a positive one. When someone learns that they have PTSD, they may not be that surprised. Receiving a diagnosis can actually be a positive experience. People may be comforted by the fact that there is a name for the number of symptoms that they are experiencing. Being diagnosed with PTSD may also bring about a sense of hope. Even though recovery from PTSD can be a long and difficult road, there are a number of effective treatments for PTSD. However, PTSD may also be associated with some stigma. That is, some people may view PTSD as a sign that they are weak or damaged in some way. They may be ashamed of having the diagnosis or view it as their fault, as though they did something to cause it. Outsiders may think this of those diagnosed as well. As a result, people may avoid disclosing their diagnosis to people they are close to, such as family and friends. The Importance of Telling Others Disclosing that you have PTSD to people in your life (especially loved ones) is important. Loved ones can be an excellent source of social support, which has been found to be incredibly beneficial for people with PTSD. Social support may speed up recovery from PTSD and help someone overcome the effects of a traumatic event. Yet, telling others about your PTSD diagnosis can be a very difficult and stressful thing to do. Here are some tips that may make the process of disclosing your PTSD to loved ones a bit easier. How to Help a Loved One With PTSD Learn About the Diagnosis Before you tell anyone about your PTSD diagnosis, it is important that you understand the diagnosis yourself. Learn as much as you can about PTSD. PTSD is often misunderstood, and it is very possible that your loved ones will have many questions about PTSD. Make sure that you can address those questions or, at the very least, direct them to resources to get their questions answered. Identify People That You Trust and Who Can Provide Support You do not need to tell everyone about your PTSD. Who should you tell? Share the information with those people who are going to be understanding, trustworthy, and supportive. There are a number of characteristics that you should look for in establishing a source of social support. In deciding who to tell about your PTSD diagnosis, try to see who in your life has a number of these characteristics. Coping With PTSD Set Aside a Time to Tell Others After you identify who you are going to tell about your PTSD diagnosis, make sure you set aside a good time to do so. Telling someone about your PTSD diagnosis can be a stressful thing to do. It may be uncomfortable and/or anxiety-provoking for you. It can be an emotional experience for both people involved, so make sure that you do it in a place and at a time that is not stressful for you. Invite a friend over for tea. Take a family member out to lunch. You want to set up a situation where you have the persons undivided attention. You Choose What to Disclose What to disclose is completely up to you. Give the person enough information to understand the diagnosis and make sure to let them know how they can help. You do not need to tell your loved ones everything. For example, you do not need to disclose specific information about your traumatic event. If someone asks you an uncomfortable question that you do not want to answer, it is perfectly OK to simply say, Im sorry, but I am not ready to talk about that yet. Prepare beforehand by coming up with some things you can say if someone asks you a question you do not want to answer. Eliminate Confusion About PTSD Be prepared to give them the basics on PTSD. Tell them what symptoms commonly occur in PTSD and why. If you are telling someone who is going to be providing you with social support, it is important that they have a good foundation of knowledge on PTSD. They need to understand why certain symptoms and behaviors occur, what they look like, and how they can be addressed. Talk to Others With PTSD If you know other people with PTSD, talk to them to see how they disclosed their diagnosis to loved ones. What worked well for them? What would they do differently if they had to do it again? You can gain some valuable information from the experiences of others with PTSD or who are recovering from PTSD. Prepare Yourself in Case They Dont Understand Finally, prepare yourself for the possibility that someone may not be supportive or understanding of what you are going through. Sometimes people may not be ready to hear what you have to tell them. This can be a very difficult experience to encounter, and it has the potential to make you feel ashamed or embarrassed. It may also prevent you from seeking out support from others. Before you tell anyone about your PTSD, make sure you have some coping skills ready to deal with the possibility that someone may not give you the response you want. Remind yourself that that is about them, not you. Remember You Are in Control In the end, it is important for you to know that you do not have to disclose your PTSD to anyone before you are ready. You are in control. You decide who to disclose your diagnosis to and when. PTSD is never a sign of weakness, and it is never the fault of the person with the diagnosis. Surrounding yourself with people who understand, care for and support you, can greatly reduce the stigma around a PTSD diagnosis and ?aid in recovery. PTSD can be a difficult diagnosis to cope with. However, recovery is definitely possible. Treatments for PTSD

The Decline of the West - 1059 Words

The Decline of the West In todays world we are getting more and more materialized. When being a kid in school it is all about getting the newest phone, wearing the most expensive clothing and every other materialized thing, to show off how much money we have. We measure our happiness in things, clothes, cars and so on. The greed of getting more and new things is decreasing. Before the financial crises in 2008 every family lent money to buy new things all the time. No worries were to be shown in any family, until the crack happened. Nowadays the crisis has slowly turned around again and in school it’s still about collecting the newest items. In the short story from 2010 by Hanif Kureishi, the problem of greed and a materialized world is†¦show more content†¦From this view the kids seems rather ungrateful and rude to their father and we don’t see their side of the story. It seems like everyone is against Mike and that no one is happy about Mike working hard to delight his family. On the contrary it would look rather different if it had been from the wife or kids point of view. The title â€Å"The Decline of the West† can be a directly reference to the western worlds economic problems. This theme is clear throughout the short story, where especially Mike thinks about his choice of lifestyle that he and many others have had through many years. He considers whether the financial crises can be the punishment for this: â€Å"Like many people, Mike had also worried whether the present catastrophe was punishment for years of extravagance and self-indulgence.† (p. 4, l. 86-87) Another thing to notice about the short story is how values like love, closeness and indulgence is nowhere to be found. And the title can therefore be related to moral degeneration, which Mike’s family is an example of. The title can be a critical comment on the western worlds excessive focus on money at the expense of more important thing like family and Mike is actually thinking about the Marxism prediction, which affects him personally: â€Å"Since capitalism was cra cking under the weight of its contradictions as the Marxists has predicted †¦ they would have to find aShow MoreRelatedThe Decline of the West1199 Words   |  5 PagesA: The Decline of the West All of us grow up with expectations. Go to school, get good marks, get a well-paying job, find a nice husband, have children and be happy. Are we fooled into thinking this is the lifestyle we’re all supposed to live? And will this even make us happy? In the short story The Decline of the West by Hanif Kureishi, the reader is introduced to a man who grew up with the exact same expectations forced upon him. After losing his job he realizes how unhappy he is, even thoughRead MoreAnalysis of The Decline of the West1095 Words   |  5 Pagescapitalism itself, comes with a price. Mike, a hardworking father of two, and the main character of Hanif Kureishi’s short story â€Å"The Decline of the West† from 2010, is an example of one who suddenly finds himself in a very precautious situation when he loses his job after both he and his family have been used to his rather substantial pay. In The Decline of the West, Hanif Kureishi employs a limited third-person narrator, which is bound to the main character, Mike. As a result of this choice, theRead MoreAnalysis of The Decline of the West1086 Words   |  5 Pagescapitalism itself, comes with a price. Mike, a hardworking father of two, and the main character of Hanif Kureishi’s short story â€Å"The Decline of the West† from 2010, is an example of one who suddenly finds himself in a very precautious situation when he loses his job after both he and his family have been used to his rather substantial pay. In The Decline of the West, Hanif Kureishi employs a limited third-person narrator, which is bound to the main character, Mike. As a result of this choice, theRead MoreThe Christendom s Decline And The Secularization Of The West903 Words   |  4 Pages Our World Response The six watershed events that led to Christendom’s decline and the secularization of the West are as follows: First, secularization began with the Renaissance, an intellectual and cultural movement. The Renaissance represents the West’s rediscovery of ancient Greek philosophy, science, and literature. It affected people in three ways. First, it drew people away from God. Second, it gave people another way of thinking, no longer relying on the Church’s worldview, but adoptedRead MoreEssay on Is Western Civilization in a State of Decline?756 Words   |  4 Pagesseparate republics, giving freedom to the West. But this liberation led to uncertainties for the West’s future leadership. Many issues arose questioning whether the change will decrease the danger or will the West be able to maintain the position in world’s affairs during the millennium? Will the twenty-first century be more peaceful and have productive outcomes than the twentieth century? Or just merely, is the Western civilization in a state of decline? Supporting this issue, Samuel P. HuntingtonRead MoreBerlin Blockade and Airlift Causes and Consequences1657 Words   |  7 Pageswas blocked off from the West Germany by the USSR. USA decided to airlift goods between West Berlin and West Germany. The causes of the Berlin Blockade and Airlift we the Yalta Conference, the American policy of containment and the growing mistrust and tension between the USA and the USSR. The consequences of the Berlin Blockade and Airlift were the major disruption to the everyday life of the people living in West Berlin, NATO and Warsaw Pact created and the further decline in the relationship betweenRead MoreSocial and Economic Decline in the Western Roman Empire Essay902 Words   |  4 PagesLeading up to the Battle of Adrianople of 378 AD, the Empire suffered significant division and its once uniform body began to splinter. After multiple attempts to unify the empire, the East and the West grew increasingly independent. The battle proved a critical tu rning point in the prominence of the West significantly foreshadowing its future. While the declining reputation of Rome was apparent long before the battle itself, it was clear that the Roman defeat at Adrianople significantly contributedRead MoreThe Decay Of Ancient Civilization And Mohammed And Charlemagne1686 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction There have been several, non- definitive reasons attributed to the decline/ fall/ end of antiquity i.e. the Greco- Roman world. The purpose of this essay is to outline the several reasons that led to the decline. The essay attends to two essays, namely The Decay of Ancient Civilization and Mohammed and Charlemagne by Michael Rostovtzeff and Henri Pirenne, respectively to reason the end of antiquity and the beginning of middle ages. The essay is divided into two sections and discussesRead MoreEssay on The Fall of the Roman Empire1078 Words   |  5 Pageslittle or no idea on how to deal with the crises that this giant nation was facing. As a result this rulers lead to the fall and decline of the Roman Empire. Politically, the fall of the Roman Empire as from 410 C.E is regarded as one of the largest and pivotal events in the history of the world. As from the time Edward Gibbon finished his works in 1788 on the Decline and Fall of the Roman empire, there has been large debates on the cause of the of the fall of the roman empire. However, it shouldRead MoreMountain Men from the North American Rock Mountains984 Words   |  4 Pagestrapped inbrigades and always reported to the head of the trapping party. This man was called a boosway, a bastardization of the French term bourgeoisie. He was the leader of the brigade and the head trader. Donald Mackenzie, representing the North West Company, held a Rendezvous in the Boise RiverValley in 1819.[2] The rendezvous system was later implemented by William Henry Ashley of theRocky Mountain Fur Company, whose company representatives would haul supplies to specific mountain locations in

Schmidt Surname Meaning and Family History

The surname Schmidt is an occupational surname for blacksmith or metalworker, from the German word schmied or the Danish smed. Schmidt is the German equivalent of the English surname SMITH. SCHMITZ is another German variant of this surname. SCHMIDT is the 2nd most common German surname  and the 31st most common Danish surname. Surname Origin:  German, Danish Alternate Surname Spellings:   SCHMID, SCHMITT, SCHMITZ Famous People with the Surname SCHMIDT: Kendall Schmidt - American actor and singerOtto Schmidt - Soviet geophysicist and polar explorerHelmut Schmidt - Chancellor of West Germany from 1974–1982 Where is the SCHMIDT Surname Most Common? Despite its German origins, the SCHMIDT surname today is most prevalent in the United States, according  to surname distribution from  Forebears. It is more common  based on population percentage, however, in countries such as Austria (where it ranks 22nd in the nation), Denmark (31st), Greenland (41st), Switzerland (43rd) and  Liechtenstein (48th). According to  WorldNames PublicProfiler, Schmidt is found most frequently in Germany. The surname is common throughout the country, but used by the greatest number of individuals in Thà ¼ringen and Sachsen-Anhalt. Schmidt is also extremely common in  Sà ¸nderjylland (Southern Jutland), Denmark. Genealogy Resources for the Surname SCHMIDT: Common German Surnames Their MeaningsUncover the meaning of your German last name with this free guide to German surnames meanings and origins. Schmidt  Family Crest - Its Not What You ThinkContrary to what you may hear, there is no such thing as a Schmidt  family crest or coat of arms for the Schmidt surname.  Coats of arms are granted to individuals, not families, and may rightfully be used only by the uninterrupted male line descendants of the person to whom the coat of arms was originally granted. Smith DNA ProjectOver 2400 individuals with the Smith surname—including variations such as Schmidt, Smythe, Smidt and Smitz—have joined this DNA project to use DNA in combination with genealogy research to sort out over 220 distinct groups of Smith descendants. Schmidt Family Genealogy ForumSearch this popular genealogy forum for the Schmidt surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors, or post your own Schmidt query. FamilySearch - SCHMIDT GenealogyExplore over 3.6  million results from digitized  historical records and lineage-linked family trees related to the Schmidt surname on this free website hosted by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. SCHMIDT Surname Family Mailing ListsRootsWeb hosts several free mailing lists for researchers of the Schmidt surname. DistantCousin.com - SCHMIDT  Genealogy Family HistoryExplore free databases and genealogy links for the last name Schmidt. GeneaNet - Schmidt  RecordsGeneaNet includes archival records, family trees, and other resources for individuals with the Schmidt  surname, with a concentration on records and families from France and other European countries. The Schmidt  Genealogy and Family Tree PageBrowse genealogy records and links to genealogical and historical records for individuals with the Schmidt  surname from the website of Genealogy Today.----------------------- References: Surname Meanings Origins Cottle, Basil.  Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967. Dorward, David.  Scottish Surnames. Collins Celtic (Pocket edition), 1998. Fucilla, Joseph.  Our Italian Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2003. Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges.  A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick.  Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003. Reaney, P.H.  A Dictionary of English Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1997. Smith, Elsdon C.  American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997. Back toGlossary of Surname Meanings Origins

Importance of Training in Catering Industry Free Essays

string(50) " collected from the staff training record sheets\." Introduction The title of the research is â€Å"A study on Training and Development of Work Force in Catering Industry in Wrexham Area†. Training is one of the most important elements in each and every organisation for the betterment of its employees. The aim of the research is to study the Training programmes conducted for the staffs or employees of an organisation to improve the company’s performance and productivity. We will write a custom essay sample on Importance of Training in Catering Industry or any similar topic only for you Order Now The research aim is mainly to identify the importance of training requirements in catering industry and to identify the benefits of it. Research Question aims to find what all successful training and development programmes or schemes are adopted by the management in catering industry to motivate the employees of a company and also to improve the performance of the overall organisation with the help of total work force employed. The three important research questions will be: 1. What are the benefits obtained by a company after providing trainings to their staffs? 2. What costs are involved in training? 3. How will a company ensure that the training is successful? Research Objective is to conduct an investigation through qualitative analysis by interviewing the managers and the staffs by distributing printed questionnaire containing open and closed end questionnaires. Also collecting details provided by the interviewed persons orally. A detailed investigation on the topic will help to give more ideas to the management to implement more training courses to develop the skills of the employees working in the company and also will be able to judge how effective productivity can be made with less cost and wastage. Also the research would be helpful to understand whether the employees are happy towards the current training programmes and how helpful is it for the employees or staffs. Limitations of the study: While conducting the research there may arise many limitations with respect to sampling and also due to the non – random sampling. The research which is to be conducted will have managers and employees who works in a catering industry. Literature review Human resource management plays an important role in an organisation providing various characteristics of employment in catering industry. The success of catering industry depends on its manpower. Training and development plays an important role in human resource management. Training is essential in every work environment and has become everyday aspect of human life. The government has taken certain initiatives to improve the catering industry’s standard. One of the important establishments in the field is the Hotel and Catering Board (HCTB). In most of the organisation, training is provided on: Computing studies Supervisory skills Food and Beverage management House keeping The reason to provide training is to avoid; The failure to attain the targets like gross or net profit on food or liquor. †¢ Dissatisfied customers. †¢ Slow service. †¢ High labour turn over and low morale. †¢ Unhealthy relationship between two departments. Types of Training There are two types of training; 1. On the job training: As most of the staffs working on catering industry will have direct contact with the customers , so new staffs are given training ‘on the job’ to experience dealing with customers. 2. Of the job training: This type of training takes place away from the actual work place. Real working environment will be crated to train the new staffs. Training need and Analysis The need for training should be considered from employer’s point of view and employees. There will be always a person assigned to provide training to staffs whenever required in consultation with the line managers. The line managers will identify, analyse the requirements of training or problems or opportunities and exploit training with assistance. Benefits of training The benefits of training to the organisation will be short term or long term and it includes: †¢ Increased customer satisfaction †¢ Help to develop relationship between staffs and departments. Increased customer demand †¢ Safe working mode †¢ Wastage reduction †¢ Less staff turnover Process involved in training Before the actual training process it is to be considered ‘who is to do the training, what is to be taught, how to train and evaluating the success of training. The actual process of training includes: †¢ Identify the training and development needs. †¢ Design training and development strategies and plans. †¢ Providing learning opportunities, resources and support. †¢ Evaluate the effectiveness of training and development. †¢ Support training and development advances and practice. Development Development is the main part of any training session. Development may be defined as those activities designed to provide the organisation with competent work force which is able to meet the target in short, medium or long term objectives. In development stage the trainer’s knowledge and skills are transferred to the trainees. The other concepts of development includes: recruitment, induction and appraisal. Some of the examples of development programmes are: Trainee management programme, junior supervisory position, new project department, trainee officer, and assistant to area manager. The main objective of training and development will be to ‘Develop human potential and assist organisations and individuals to achieve their objectives’. Health and Safety training Accidents and healthy problems in places of work occur very frequently and so health and safety training will have to be provided to all the individuals working in an organisation. There are two laws which have to be followed in hotel or catering industry and they are the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 (the HASAW Act) and the Control of Substances Hazardous to Health (COSHH). Health and Safety Training at work includes -preventing accidents and dealing with accidents; the ways in which accidents happen and what all ways to prevent such accidents. It is the objective of Health and safety training to identify the health problems and accidents happening in work life and to take important steps to minimise them. Research Methodology Types of data employed There will be different types of data employed in a research. Primary data: Collection of Primary data includes Interviews and Questionnaires. Secondary data: Secondary data will be collected from the staff training record sheets. You read "Importance of Training in Catering Industry" in category "Industry" Sampling Technique: Sampling Techniques includes Non Random Sampling and other techniques. Methods of Data collection Primary data: face to face interaction, questionnaire, telephonic interviews. Secondary data: books, training records, internet Data analysis The method of qualitative analysis and qualitative analysis will be employed in the research study. Qualitative analysis will be helpful to analyse the interview outputs. To analyse the interview questionnaires qualitative analysis will be employed. To analyse the research questionnaires, quantitative analysis will be employed. Primary data will be collected through face to face interviews. Face to face method of interviews was taken to overcome any communicative difficulties if arises. Closed and open – ended questions will be used to implement the survey questionnaire. The aim of using open – ended questionnaire is that the respondent will be free to give up his ideas or opinions. The closed ended questions will be analysed by using regression technique which is a quantitative approach and the interviews will be analysed by using qualitative approach. Conclusion The time period for the research to be conducted is estimated to be three months and the samples taken for the research will include the managers and his subordinates working in a hotel or in a catering sector. Survey questionnaire will be made before starting actual research. A detailed analysis will be conducted with respect to literature review. References Literature Review Training and development One of the major anxieties in an organisation is about the training. It may be due to more staffs or because of the labour turnover. For an effective training programme there should be sufficient funds allocated for it in an organisation. There will be more benefits for an effective training scheme. The benefits of a training programme include: ? Less wastage and speedy work performance by the trained worker. ? Less mistakes or accidents in the organisation. ? Less damage of machines and equipments. ? The complaints from the customers will be reduced. ? Another important benefit is that the trained staffs require less supervision and guidance. ? The trained staff will be more resourceful when other staffs go for holidays or any absence problems arise. Training will improve the job satisfaction and confidence in employees and will let them perform well in the organisation. ? Another benefit is that the potential to work and personal benefits of working efficiently and safe. Training needs analysis To design the training method, it is required to identify the training needs. It will be the responsibility of the trai ner or the line manager. He should attempt to identify the problems and opportunities which could be made better with the help of training. For this the training needs of individuals has to be studied through the appraisal reports and detailed discussion with the manager. Identification of individuals training needs will lead to corporate training needs. For example, if a catering company wishes to expand its business in a limited time, it is important to identify the staffs that are to be transferred or promoted to the new unit and the kind of training required for them to adapt with the new business unit. This may range from preparing some assistant managers and trainee chefs or stewards to do more responsible job like cooking food for the customers. The availability of sufficient trained persons in the organisation will give a successful growth to the company. The training needs arise from unexpected circumstances or conditions. For example if a restaurant makes new menu launch, the waiters or waitresses has to give training about the new products, service and selling techniques which plays a big role in sales and profits of the company. Training is considered as one of the vital tools of management. It helps the management to increase the efficiency of the company. Different skills and knowledge and attitude could be developed with training to achieve company’s objective. Training enables an individual to go through increased competences and confidence and to gain promotions. Methods to identify training requirements Job Analysis Job analysis is one of the major roles of Human Resource Management. Job analysis is conducted to check the efficiency and effectiveness of a job. Job analysis highlights the needs of training to be conducted for the job or activity to be performed. The trainee’s actual work inside the organisation is evaluated and more training will be given to improve their performance up to company’s standard. Job Evaluation Job evaluation is another method to identify the requirements of training. It is essential that a person such as chef should be well trained to acquire knowledge and skill. The type of factors assessed for training in job evaluation is: Knowledge, skill, responsibility, social skills and working conditions. Performance appraisal Performance Appraisal is one of the methods to identify the training needs. Performance appraisal is conducted in every six months or annually. It is actually a review of performance of each staff by the manager. It usually compares the actual performance of the person with the set standards of performance, company’s objective, consent job objective, specific core competencies. Performance Appraisal helps the employees to identify whether they require more training to achieve their objectives as compared to the present performance. Self Assessment Self assessment can be formal or informal. Formal assessment methods suggest the employee to asses or rate their performance against the performance standard set and will be provided if they ask for more training if they feel training would benefit. Informal assessment is method is up to the employees. The employee can ask for training if they feel would be useful. It depends upon the organisations training policy and training budget. Direct Observation Direct Observation is another method to identify the training requirements in an organisation. Observation may be with or without the knowledge of the employee. For example, in a call centre, the line manger would spend time to listen to calls attended by the staffs to find how many of them are following the prescribed standard. Otherwise a mystery caller would make a call from outside the organisation where he pretends as a customer to find the outcome. Different methods of training The two main approaches are: †¢ On the job training †¢ Off the job training On the job training in hotel or in catering industry In a hotel or a catering industry most of the staffs will have direct contact with the customers. So on the job training will be beneficial for the trainees to acquire knowledge about how to deal with the customer. On the job training plays a vital role in catering industry. If the trainer is talented in training techniques and if the objectives are clear then on the job training is the best possible way to teach the trainee the manual and social skills. In some companies new employees are put together with experienced employees who are not capable of training others. If the experienced employees are interested to train the new comers, then it will good for the company that they could save the expenses paid for specialist trainer and also the experienced employees will be able to train the new staffs in the work place along with them. They will be able to share their knowledge with the new staffs. The experienced employees should be given apt training before they are asked to train the new employees. In off the job training the progress of employees according to the training has to be checked from time to time by the person who trains. For example, the training for barmen include: bar preparation and cleanliness. The benefits of on the job training are: †¢ Training is provided in the same working environment itself. The trainee will quickly understand the nature or the standard of the job that he has to be followed. †¢ Training could be provided in exact timing. No pre-determined schedules need to be followed. †¢ There may be fewer requirements for special equipments as it is possible to use the operational resources. Off the job training in hotel and catering industry Off the job training takes place away from the actual work place. In off the job training a variety of methods and techniques are applied. The main methods used are: †¢ Talks- talks are the methods used to share knowledge regarding the nature and policies of the company, rules and regulations and other legal matters. There should be question and answer session to check the progress. †¢ Case studies, projects and business games are the best ways of off the job training techniques. Role plays are identified as the best ways to develop skills to interact with customer, how to handle customer complaints, up selling and interviewing. †¢ Some time visual aids such as films on different hotel and catering industry are used to train the new staffs of the company. †¢ Other techniques of off the job training include Programmed texts and teaching machines which could be helpful for the individual to learn at his convenient time. It does not require the presence of any instructor. The disadvantage of this method is that sometimes it could be expensive to design and the training can not give on manual skills. Staff induction Staff induction is one of the training methods. The term induction training means process by which the new staffs are given ideas about the nature of business, its structure, rules and regulations of the company, conditions of employment and duties to be performed. Induction training is not compulsory as per legal Acts. But for the welfare of the new employees or staffs, companies would indent to have staff induction when they employ new staffs. The important information concerned under the staff induction is: 1. Contract or Terms and conditions of employment. . The condition to perform a job and to whom the person is accountable to. 3. Grievance procedures, Disciplinary rules and procedures. 4. Policies regarding promotion and training. 5. Health and safety rules 6. Other social and welfare benefits The new employees should be given formal induction training to avoid unhealthy or malfunctions inside the organisation and to develop attitudes, norms and practises. The role of training agencies In developing countries importance is given for quality and standards rather than individual productivity. In Britain Industrial Training Act was established in the year 1964 to maintain the quality and supply of skilled labour so it led to establishment of Hotel and Catering Industry Training Board (HCITB). The main aims of the Board are: ? To provide advise to the companies, how to implement effective training. ? To conduct research and to develop new methods of training and materials and practises. ? To allocate sufficient funds for training needs and to aid companies to conduct approved training. To co-ordinate the supply of labour to hotel and catering industry, the Manpower Service Commission was established in 1973. It provides funds for training young people and retraining schemes for those who are unemployed. There are plenty of colleges which has department of hotel and catering. Organising training Each aspects of training have its advantages and disadvantages. One of the advantages of On the job training is that it is cheap as compared to the other methods of training. The trainee will be able to learn from the actual work place the standards or procedures of work that he has to be followed. On the job training is flexible and can adapt to any pressures of the work environment. Just like the advantages, there are disadvantages also. The trainer may find it difficult if he has had no instructional training. And so he will not be able to adopt the work pressure and will withheld training considering it as less important. Inexperienced trainers will not be able to provide effective training. On the job trainer would be able to share only those knowledge which he possessed when he was trained. The advantage of off the job training is that the expense involved in training can be measured already and the company can allocate budget and control for the off the job training programme. There will be a well trained instructor to provide training. The training will be conducted in a planned environment with good equipments. Another advantage is that training can be conducted in logical way after preplanning. The disadvantage of off the job training is that the trainee will find difficulty while facing actual work environment. The principles which he learned from off the job training have to apply in actual work place. The existing workers may feel uncomfortable to attend off the job training programmes. Systematic training Systematic training is the process of actual implication of training in a system. Systematic training is divided into three phases and it operates as a cycle. The three phases are : planning, implementing and reviewing. Planning The different stages of planning include: 1. Formulation of policy 2. Identifying training needs 3. Decision on priorities 4. Preparing a plan Formulation of policy: formulation of training policy should be given importance as like the other policies of the company. A training policy should include company’s attitudes to training and the place it will occupy in its activities. It should point out the budget allocated for training requirements. Should have specific responsibility for the implementation of training policies and it should be communicated to all staffs and management. Identifying training needs: training need can be identified if there is a clear standard which is followed in a company. Sometimes the departmental managers will make assessment whether the employees is performing up to the company’s standard. Job analysis and job evaluation are two methods to identify the training requirements. Decision on priorities: because of economic and practical reasons an employer will not be immediately be able to undertake all the training needs. And so the employer will have to set a priority. Managers in developing countries need to take staffs with more training on western style. Preparing training plan: a training plans may originate from two sources. One is the man power requirements and the other is the detailed analysis of training requirements. A training plan will make plan about the methods of training, who to conduct the training and the responsible person to implement the training. It also plans the costs involves in training and other financial considerations. Implementation Implementation involves three areas: attitude training, knowledge training and skills training. In hotel and catering industry attitude training plays an important role as the customers expect a pleasant and active service. Attitude training is important as some jobs can not be supervised closely, so the person carrying out the job should have a well attitude. For any kind of skill knowledge is required. Most skills are based on the foundation of knowledge. There should be knowledge about application of tools and equipments, methods and procedures, knowledge about the menus and recipes, food, hygiene, health and fire safety, cost control standards and onditions of employment. Those who are in higher post require more knowledge. Knowledge training may include the following: †¢ Talks and lectures †¢ Handbooks and instruction manual †¢ Posters and charts †¢ Video tapes or CD’s †¢ Programmed training packs Knowledge training is not expensive. The materials used for this kind of training can be re-used. With the help of relevant and realistic and in a very attractive manner the training can be made effective. Skills training are very important in a hotel and catering industry in order to maintain the accuracy, consistency and speed. It therefore helps to reduce the wastage and helps to produce the standards required. The skilled person always is able to work fast without mistakes or less mistakes. The two general types of skills are: social skills and physical skills. Physical skills Physical skills include movement of hands, the fingers, the eyes and other senses. Examples of the use of senses in carry out of skills include flavour for wine specialist, touch for pastry cooks, to gauge the consistency of dough, etc. Social skills training Social skills are being used as motivational technique and as a method to control a work group inside an organisation. Social skills are always attached to attitudes. A social skill is a trained ability to perform with apt behaviour in different situations. Methods of skills training There are four methods of skills training: Informal training: the informal method includes observation and hearing. It is not possible to plan and control in this method. It totally depends on the experienced worker, who performs correctly and he should be helpful. Training within the industry: this method is well organised and involves demonstrations and copying. The task will be broken down to different stages. This method requires mental thinking and judgement. The discovery method: this method enables the trainee to perform correctly through his own deductive process. This method requires great amount of preparation and careful monitoring. The skills analysis method: this method involves explanation of principles in different stages and also requires comprehension and active participation of trainee. The trainee should establish some sort of interest in this method. The training objective should be clear and the trainee has to be confident about what he has to perform. Supervisory training Supervisor is a part of management and has the responsibility to direct and control the work of others. A supervisor in an organisation is expected to maintain loyalty and reduce conflict. As supervisor’s job vary it is difficult for them to provide only general training. They would need specialised training. First the job of internal supervisor has to be analysed to asses the training requirements for a supervisor. The special areas include: †¢ Maintaining staff relationship by encouraging staff motivation and group performance development. Ensure disciplinary actions are being taken to correct and improve the performance of the employees. †¢ Industrial relationship in consideration with use of procedures. †¢ Health and safety A high proportion of training should be given to supervisors in order to enable them to face problems and different situations. Group work will help to identify each other and to solve the problems of each department. Supervisor plays an important role in the industry and good supervisory training would be an asset to the organisation. Development of personnel in catering industry The word personnel imply a particular activity which is conducted by a qualified person or a trained staff. There will many factors which will help the development of personnel in a catering industry. The five major factors which influence the development of staffs in hotel and catering industry are: 1. The growth or prosperity of catering industry on world wide basis. 2. The growth of the medium sized hotels. New traditional approaches were taken into consideration to manage the large work force. 3. The number of labour turn over is another factor concerning the catering industry. . Large number of unskilled or part time workers or casual workers creates more stress on the skilled labour. This could be avoided by creating a separate training squad in the company. 5. Lack of personnel practises and standards within the industry and among the management level will influence the development of staffs in catering industry. Management development Management development may be defined as process of providing organisation with capable and competent management team which is able to meet its short, medium and long term objectives. Most of the managers develop their knowledge, skills and attitude by continuous practise of managing others at work. A management development programme must have a balance between the formal training and work experience. Management development Management development is the process by which the young active talented staffs are trained to supervisory or management positions. It describes how a staff’s performance can be improved effectively and also makes them adapt to changes in the organisation. MINTZBERG studied managerial work and stated that in an organisation compared to other post managerial posts should be given foremost importance. He identified the roles of manager as: interpersonal, information and decision maker. Interpersonal Role Interpersonal roles include manager acting as a Leader and the Liaison. He will be responsible for team integration and motivation. As a Liaison, he will maintain a good relationship with the outside parties who are involved in the business and with the internal parties. Information Role Manager act as a Monitor, who analyses and collects information about the competitors, change of trends, internal and external factors. He will act as a Spokesperson who transmits information to outside parties. Decision Role As an Entrepreneur, manager will make decisions on any changes in the organisation. A manager will act as negotiator representing the organisation. Also, he will play the role of Resource allocator by scheduling, organising and programming subordinates work. Trainee management courses Trainee management course has a very important role in young manager’s career. In order to be a successful manager, a manager should posse’s knowledge and skills about other departments. Trainees must be given departmental training objectives in written form. Regular objectives should be held to check whether the trainees achieved their objectives. Methods of staff development †¢ General management training programmes which are of for a short period of time with theories and practises. It would be conducted in detached centres so that the manager doesn’t have the work pressure and will be free to actively participate in the training programme. †¢ Comprehensive programmes, such as a Diploma course. It requires an extended commitment from the company. †¢ Technical workshops for short term covering the use of new equipment. Job enlargement and Job rotation is another method of staff development. This method is cheap and is within the company’s control. †¢ Informal method including the process of consultation and senior management. In this method, improvement includes individual and specialized standards, expressive resilience, understanding, elasticity, assurance and inspired initiative. Systematic approache s to training Systems approach can be recognized as a rational connection between different stages in the course of examining training needs, designing, delivering and authenticating training. The illustrative image of a logical approach is a effective tool and as such it should be accepted that trainers will sketch up a model which is comfortable for them to utilize as members of a training division who must to observe the advancement of their training projects. Training Objective Training objective is to clearly state as likely what the apprentice are expected to be able to do at the end of their training, the circumstances under which they will exhibit their knowledge and the standards that must be reached to substantiate their level of competence. Written training objectives provide the trainer to decide the methods f training and contents of training and also it provide the trainees a clear target. Too much training is expensive and if inappropriate materials are integrated, then it will be confusing. Training objective act as the foundation for determining the success of training in terms of knowledge, skills and attitude expected of the trainees, the lowest acceptable standards of performance and the situation under which the performance is calculated. Also training objectives can be used to validate the link between the training needs and the actual training provided. It also considered as the first point of reference for any investigation or review in relation to training. Actions by the trainer Depending upon the nature of training to be conducted, the trainer may use different actions to make the training effective. Some of the actions used are: Setting up sub goal In order to lead the trainees towards the organisational goal, the trainer will sub divide the goals and provides motivation and support for the employees. This will help the trainer to monitor the progress of trainee’s achievement. Directing attention While conducting the training the trainer has to ensure that the trainee’s concentration is fully on training programme. They may do this through verbal, pictorial or any other means. The trainer should be aware of the different ways in which ‘to give selective emphasis to stimulus presentations for learning’ (Gagne, 1977). Humor Implementing humour in an effective way will help to stimulate and maintain the trainee’s attention towards training. Use of humour will keep away stress and will provide a relaxed situation. It will improve the communication between the trainer and the trainees. Humour may make the training session more enjoyable and will be a kind of motivation to the trainees. Pictures and demonstrations. Pictures or demonstrations will help the trainees to identify the methods or actions to be followed. It also will help to develop manual skills. Verbal instructions Language is a meditational process which can be used in training to provide information, ideas which could fit into the learning context. Also it could provide explanation about context, rules, principle and theories for acquiring basic intellectual, social and manual skills. Conclusion There are lots of benefits for the employees and the company through an effective and well planned training. With the job effective job training, individual may feel great job satisfaction. And the benefits of training towards the organisation include improved employee work performance and productivity, less wastage, less absenteeism, fewer accidents, and low labour turn over and greater customer satisfaction. Training will also have an indirect impact on the culture of the organisation. How to cite Importance of Training in Catering Industry, Essays

Themes In The Sun Also Rises Essay free essay sample

, Research Paper One subject that I found repeating throughout the novel, The Sun Besides Rises by Ernest Hemingway, was love. Lady Brett Ashley was a beautiful adult female who seemed to be resistless to the work forces she became acquainted with. For illustration Robert Cohn, Bill Gorton, Pedro Romero, Mike Campbell, and last but non least Jake Barnes. Brett was ex? tremely vulnerable to the appeal that assorted work forces in her life seemed to surround her with. Brett was non happy with her life or her milieus and sought flight and safety in the weaponries of these work forces. All of these work forces had strong feelings for Brett. The lone job was that Brett had no feelings for any of those work forces, except for Jake. The lone ground Jake and Brett were non together was due to a lesion Jake received during the war. Jake # 8217 ; s wound made him impotent, incapable of doing love. We will write a custom essay sample on Themes In The Sun Also Rises Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The anguish of his lesion, though, is that he can still experience desire. Jake and Brett could non love each other physically. They could non demo each other how much they genuinely loved one another. They both urgently want something that they could non hold due to Jake # 8217 ; s hurt. Neither Jake nor Brett were able to happen any satisfaction or completeness in love. Jake was defined by this lesion. He was ever believing about it, even when he did non look to be. Whenever Jake was about to travel to bed, and his ideas loosened, he thought about his lesion and Brett. Jake was able to feel love, but he could non show it or consummate it. Brett herself told Jake non to love her because she would merely lead on him. Love, for Brett, had become a power she con? trolled. It changed work forces but left her unaffected. Jake was tolerant of Brett # 8217 ; s behaviour be? cause he loved her unconditionally and was willing to overlook everything she did. A different manner Jake showed love for Brett was, in my sentiment, in a instead unusual manner. He loved Brett more than anything and he wanted her to be happy, so he set her up with Robert Cohn, which did non work out, and he besides set her up with Pedro Romero. Although the feelings between Brett and Pedro may hold been common, Brett did the right thing by giving him up ; whatever Brett wanted, Jake was willing to give her because he wanted her to be happy. Love for Robert Cohn is a cockamamie and naif love learned from storybook love affairs. For illustration the book that Robert Cohn read, The Purple Land, which was about an ripening Englishman happening love in a romantic state earnestly affected him. Robert had antique impressions of love- he believed in committedness. Robert was excessively unsighted to recognize that his sort of love was lost on Jake # 8217 ; s crowd of friends, particularly Brett. Robert was im? mediately attracted to her. Since Brett may hold been funny or merely bored, she decided to travel off with him to San Sebastian, Spain. # 8220 ; What does their love affair mean? For Brett, nil ; for Robert, everything. He believed that their matter was a perfect love. Robert could non stand to see Brett with another adult male ; # 8221 ; ( Barron # 8217 ; s Booknotes ) even though they were non together he was covetous. # 8220 ; Mike, Brett # 8217 ; s bride-to-be, was excessively intoxicated and possibly excessively insecure to love. Bill Gorton picked up an American miss at the fete, but nil serious came out of it. He was excessively misanthropic or excessively unfriendly to love. Pedro Romero was a adult male immature, guiltless, passionate, and weather plenty to love. Brett was about instantly enchanted by him. # 8221 ; ( Barron # 8217 ; s Booknotes ) Pedro, who often confronted decease in his business, was non afraid in the bullring and controlled the bulls like a maestro. Pedro was the first adult male since Jake who caused Brett to lose her self-denial. He fell for Brett and wanted to get married her, but Brett knew she would destroy him, so she gave him up. This was the lone point in the narrative where Brett showed any sum of caring for another # 8217 ; s feelings. She did the right thing and gave up Pedro because she did non desire to ache him as she did to Jake, Robert, and Mike, even though Brett truly does non care that she hurt Robert or Mike The issue of values was a 2nd subject in the novel. Jake, Brett, Robert, Mike, and Bill were all Americans who went to Europe in hunt of new values because their old criterions or values were destroyed by war. Count Mippipopolous told Jake and Brett of his # 8220 ; values # 8221 ; : he said that rubrics do non number for anything, it is non whether you are a count or a princess that affairs, but merely who you are. He besides said neer lie to people, neer # 8220 ; play them false. # 8221 ; His doctrine is to be straightforward with others. Brett, unlike the count, # 8220 ; played false # 8221 ; with others, and she had no friends except Jake, because she was al? ways honest with him. Their honestness was their strongest fond regard. Death, Fear, Courage, and Sport were four other subjects I found repeating in the novel. An aficionado is one who is passionate about the corridas. This athletics is ex? tremely unsafe, the rhythm of life and decease is ultimate. Bullfighting is exciting, yet barbarous to watch. Jake was an aficionado, but he was merely a witness ; he did non partici? pate in this decease withstanding athletics. Pedro was a really successful toreador. He was really graceful and skilled at contending the bulls. This was the ground Brett fell in love with him. Bullfighters put on a show of courage for the audience The true aficionado loved to watch Romero # 8220 ; because he kept the absolute pureness of line in his motions and ever softly and calmly allow the horns pass him shut each clip. He did non hold to stress their closeness. # 8221 ; ( p. 171 ) . He came every bit near as he could to existent danger and used no fast ones ; a true aficionado enjoys the show more when the toreador does non demo off. Those who participated in the corridas were brave and at the same clip fearful for their lives. The rubric, The Sun Besides Rises, is tied together with nature, Earth, fright, bravery, and decease. The Earth along with nature goes on and does non halt for anything ; when the Sun rises it is symbolic of a new beginning or a opportunity for one to get down over. Many things make occur that deter people from their intent on Earth and that is why each twenty-four hours is a opportunity to alter or repair something that has gone incorrectly in our lives. Brett had many opportunities to alter her ways and start over but for some ground she chose non to. Maybe it was because no affair what she did, no affair how much problem she got herself in, Jake was ever at that place to care for her, love her, and assist her. If she was on her ain she would recognize all of her errors and seek to repair them or atone so she can be forgiven and travel on.

Frank OConnors My Oedipus Complex free essay sample

Frank OConnors literary piece, My Oedipus Complex portrays childhood in a subverted ight. He is exploring exaggerated aspects of mother-child relationships as a reflection upon human nature. Themes and ideas present within the story are of possession, in the protagonists view of his mother, and of jealousy. This short story shows the faults and dangers of human nature. Possession is a motif that permeates the text. Through a first person narration, the reader is able to have an insight into the main characters perspective. what mother and I should do during the day. This quote shows the world that Larry, the child, exists within. Larrys life is an exclusion of all things except hi and his mother. The line is an extract of Larrys play, and imagination involving a dialogue between his feet. This technique of identifying Larrys feet with conscience allows for the reader to infer the main characters thoughts. We will write a custom essay sample on Frank OConnors My Oedipus Complex or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As well as this, Larry is shown to classify his mothers attention as his own. my time with mother. The use of the possessive pronoun in Larrys inner narration allows the audience to gauge his views. It shows the demanding nature that Larry feels toward his mother. This story shows the human flaw of possession through the character of Larry. Jealousy is another theme present within the story. Through the introduction of various figures, the attention that Larry recieves is diminished. The entrance of his father is a major disruption to Larrys life. Described as, a stranger, a total stranger , the paternal entity is now a source of jealousy. The repeated assertion of unacknowledgement and disassociation is a representation of Larry;s inner turmoil. Another example of this is the quote, Mrs Right right talked of the trouble that she had with her own father, till she put him in the Home. This is another representation of Larrys views and ideas through the use of an indirect medium, i. e. Larrys feet. The aspect of jealousy is explained and explored in Frank OConnors short story. Through the main characaters mentality, the short story is able to explore human nature. Frank OConnors piece shows the faults and flaws in human nature

Too Many Partners A Challenge To Partnership Working The WritePass Journal

Too Many Partners A Challenge To Partnership Working Introduction Too Many Partners A Challenge To Partnership Working ). Strong leadership and management In order for a joint working to be successful, there must be strong leadership and management structure in place. The importance of having a strong leadership and integrated management structure has been identified by Rutter et al. (2004) Aims and objectives Practitioners from the various agencies involved in the joint working should understand the ultimate goals, aims and objectives as well as the eligibility criteria for the new initiative to become a success (Cameron et al. 2012). Roles and responsibilities The agencies involved should understand their roles and responsibilities to prevent conflicts. Responsibilities may include administrative tasks, budget management and coordination of material resources(Cameron et al. 2012).   Team building Another factor that is likely to promote joint working is team-building and arranging for weekly meetings. Regular team-building events and subsequent weekly meetings allows for the various agencies to share information and to discuss issues arising (Clarkson et al. 2011). Additionally, such team meetings enhance the understanding of the different professional roles and prevent conflict between the different professions by building trust and rapport between the various agencies or groups involved. Information sharing Other factors that may promote joint working include mechanisms for sharing information such as using shared information technology systems and shared documentation. Such effective sharing mechanisms lead to timely assessments of needs (Cameron et al. 2012) Factors hindering joint working  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Aims and objectives Whilst we have shown that an understanding of the aims and objectives is key to success of a partnership, it should be noted that such shared purpose can be problematic as well. For example, studies by Clarkson et al (2011), Asthana Halliday (2003) and Glasby et al (2008) which examined some of the integrated care services found a general lack of understanding of the central aim of partnership working among the health care practitioners. Without a shared understanding of the aims and objectives among the various agencies involved, then it becomes difficult to develop a sense of purpose.   Further, this difficulty is made worse if there are conflicting roles and responsibilities. Roles and responsibilities Roles and responsibilities should be clearly defined to avoid conflicts between the professionals involved. In their study, McCormack et al. (2008)found that a shortage of clarity of the roles and responsibilities of the professionals involved in the joint working resulted in delays in treatment and inappropriate referrals. Organizational difference Partnership working can also be undermined by competing organizational visions. If organizations are in competition about the joined-up agenda, the initiative may not be successful. This is evident in a study by Young (2003) on partnership working between the local authorities and NHS. Young’s study foundthe partnership as undermined by the differences in resource and spending criteria between the parties involved. Poor Communication and coordination As noted above, communication is critical to the success of a partnership working. Poor communication hampers collaborative efforts which may result in delays in service delivery. Using specialist languages that some partners are not familiar with and communicating selectively may fuel suspicion and personal agendas leading to conflicting messages which undermine collaborative efforts (Cameron et al. 2012).Almost all tragedies which have resulted have been a direct result of poor communication and failure of professionals to coordinate with each other. This is especially the case where there are too many partners involved and where there is a lack of clarity of the responsibilities of each partner. Power and hierarchical relationships Partnership can also be hindered by power and hierarchical relationships. Some practitioners may perceive others to be below them in terms of their status. When perceived status differences occur, the dominant high status professions such as the medics may silence the contribution made by the others (Clarkson et al. 2011). Such kind of perceived status difference hinders integrative efforts and can stultify effective partnership. There is a host of other factors that may hinder partnership working including difficulty in information sharing due to incompatibility of the IT systems, lack of trust and respect, relationship between agencies, and financial uncertainty among many others. These barriers can perhaps be addressed by arranging for a local forum where practitioners can meet regularly and share issues arising. Whereas there many benefits to partnership working, such joint collaboration can prove to be extremely difficult especially where there are too many partners involved. Partnerships that involve too many partners often suffer from poor communication and coordination, competing organizational visions, lack of clarity with regard to the roles and responsibilities of the professionals involved, duplication of roles, unclear accountability, too many referrals between agenciesand lack of trust and respect among several other factors (Douglas 2008). These barriers tend to hinder the effectiveness of partnership working and can ultimately lead to failure in delivery of services as seen with the case of Victoria Climbie. However, there are many success stories where many partners were involved. The future holds promising for more partnership involvement and collaboration as more community development workers are increasingly funded by primary care trusts. Further, many government funded initiatives are currently being implemented to promote the integration of services and multi-agency partnership including the Sure Start, Best and Connexions, Youth Offending Teams, and Childrens Fund (Cheminals 2009). Conclusion It is very hard to predict the dynamics and outcomes of partnership working especially where there are many partners involved due to continually evolving nature of such partnership. Partnerships that involve too many partners suffer from a range of factors that may stultify joint working including poor communication and coordination, competing organizational visions, duplication of roles, unclear accountability, and too many referrals between agencies among several other factors. Whereas the practicalities of adopting a multi-agency approach can prove to be difficult, promoting integration of services and joint approach to service delivery is key to addressing key societal problems which cannot be constrained neatly within traditional boundaries such as poverty, crime, social exclusion, community safety and inequality. These problems are highly complex in nature and since no single actor or entity has sufficient knowledge and information required to solve them, it becomes extremely important to have multi-agency partnership working. Reference Asthana, S and Halliday, J., 2003.‘Intermediate care: its place in a whole-systems approach, Journal of Integrated Care, vol.1, no.6, pp.15-24 Audit Commission, 1998.A Fruitful Partnership: Effective Partnership Working. Audit Commission. Audit Commission, 2006. Governing Partnerships: Bridging the Accountability Gap. Audit Commission. Barrett, G., Selman, D. Thomas, G., 2005.Interprofessional Working in Health and Social Bella, 2001. Turning point: collaboration for a new century in public health. Washington DC: the National Association of County and City Health Officials. Cameron, A., Lart, R., Bostock, L. and Coomber, C., 2012. Factors that promote and hinder joint and integrated working between health and social care services. Research briefing 41. Social Care Institute for Excellence. Care: Professional Perspectives. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Carnwell, R. and Buchanan, J., 2008. Effective practice in health, social care and criminal justice: a partnership approach. McGraw-Hill International Carnwell, R. and Carson, A., 2005. ‘Understanding partnerships and collaboration’,in R. Carnwell and J. Buchanan (eds) effective practice inhealth and social care: a partnership approach. Maidenhead: Open University Press. Cheminals, R., 2009. Effective multi-agency partnerships: putting every child matters into practice. Sage Publications Clarkson, Brand, C., Hughes, J and Challis, D., 2011. Integratingassessments of older people: examiningevidence and impact from a randomized controlled trial, Age and Ageing, vol 40, no 3, pp 388−391. Douglas, A., 2008. Partnership working. Routledge. Dowling, B. Glendinning, C. and Powell, M., 2004. Conceptualising successful partnerships Health and Social Care in the Community 12(4) 309-317 Fletcher, J. K., 2006. Partnerships in Social Care: A Handbook for Developing Effective Services London: Jessica Kingsley Fraser,S. and Matthews, S., 2007. The Critical Practitioner in Health and Social Care London:Sage publications Gallant, M.H., Beaulieu, M.C. and Carnevale, F.A., 2002.‘Partnership: an analysis of theconcept within the nurse–client relationship’, Journal of Advanced Nursing 40(2): 149–57. Glasby, J., Martin, G. and Regen, E., 2008. Older people and the relationship between hospital services and intermediate care: results from a national evaluation, Journal of Interprofessional Care, vol 22, no 6, pp 639−649. Harris, S., 2003.‘Inter-agency practice and professional collaboration: the case of drug education and prevention’, Journal of Education Policy 18(3), pp.303-314. Huxham, C. and Vangen, S., 2005. Managing to Collaborate: The Theory and Practice of Collaborative Advantage. London: Routledge Ling, T., 2002. ‘Delivering Joined-Up Government in the UK: Dimensions, Issues and Problems’, Public Administration, Vol. 80 No. 4, 615-642 McCormack, B. Mitchell, E.A., Cook, G., Reed, J., and Childs, S., 2008. Older personsexperiences of whole systems: the impact ofhealth and social care organizationalstructures, Journal of Nursing Management,vol 16, no 2, pp 105−114. Rutter, D., Tyrer, P., Emmanuel, J., Weaver, T., Byford, S., Hallam, A., Simmonds, S., and Ferguson, B., 2004. Internal vs. externalcare management in severe mental illness:randomized controlled trial and qualitativestudy, Journal of Mental Health, vol 13, no 5,pp 453−466. Tait, L and Shah, S., 2007. Partnership working: a policy with promise for mental healthcare. Journal of continuing professional development. 13: 261-271 Taylor, I., Sharland, E., Sebba, J. and Le Riche, P., 2006, Knowledge review 10: The learning, teaching and assessment of partnership work in social work education, London: Social Care Institute of Excellence. Welstead, M., 2013. Child protection in England-early intervention. [Viewed on 13th November 2013]   available from law.harvard.edu/programs/about/cap/cap-conferences/pp-workshop/pp-materials/27_welsteaddoc.pdf

A Good Man is Hard to Find Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

A Good Man is Hard to Find - Research Paper Example Flannery’s second published work, the group established a major voice in American literature mainly Southern literature, up to the time she died in 1964, at the age of 39. Flannery’s novels were viewed as critically less fortunate. The story made her famous as a modern master of the short story. During OConnors lifetime, her work initiated different reactions in those who read them. Many scholars and critics found the work consistently grotesque in their description of debased repulsive characters and their spectacular displays of violence. Many times "A Good Man is Hard to Find," were the center of discussions. It was for that reason, the story about which the author herself spoke most often.Flannery saw all of her fiction, including those of the short story, as realistic but ultimately hopeful. Her inspiration as a writer came deeply felt in Roman Catholicism, of which she claimed informed all of her stories. According to (Fitzgerald 90)Flannery said that the stories she had written were hard since there is nothing difficult or less sentimental than Christian realism.A continual theme all through her work was the deed of divine grace in the imperfect, revolting and funny world of human beings. Mary Flannery O’Connor born in Savannah, Georgia in the year 1925. She thenrelocated to Atlanta with her family while she was a teenager (Gooch). The family, however, after the father was diagnosed with lupus moved to Milledgeville, Georgia. The fatherdied three years later; she was fifteen years by then.O’Connor, as a young woman, began classes at Georgia state College for women. A wishful writer since childhood, she worked for the student newspaper and literary magazine, she also wrote stories. The stories that she wrote secured her a place in the University of Lowa’s Writer Workshopfor a master’s program. In the university, she sharpened her craft and began publishing fiction. O’Connor published

How to apply motivation in the work place Research Paper

How to apply motivation in the work place - Research Paper Example Leibenstein argued more than forty years ago that â€Å"for a variety of reasons people and organizations normally work neither as hard nor as effectively as they could† and the both of them regarded motivation as an important factor to improve the efficiency of both employees an motivation. Since then, the debate has been on about what really motivates the people in the organization. It was found that an organization would really progress based on the commitment of the employees towards the organization rather than keeping them under their control. This led to the emergence of innovative management practices which targeted to enhance employees’ commitment towards the company through different techniques (Buford, 1993). Research question How to apply motivation in the work place? Background of Study Among the many functions that the Human Resource department has to work on, keeping employees motivated and retaining them is the foremost challenge that any organization fa ce. Hence it is of the paramount importance that the employees stay motivated and hence new management practices be adopted to give them a boost in their motivation so that they can exert much more effort in the business. For any organization the employees are the key resource, neglecting which can lead to catastrophic results like strike, shutdown etc. which will result in insurmountable loss that the company may not be able to bear. Hence organizations are trying to come up with new techniques to attack this issue and lower the retention level. Through foundation of studies, research theories and practical examples this paper will address the issue of what actually motivates the employees and what the managers need to do to achieve it and supports motivation and hence the performance. Literature Review Numerous researchers have investigated the relationship that exists between job satisfaction and work motivation. In the current business scenario, organizations across industries a re experiencing rapid competition. In this competitive environment the companies must consider the human factor that is becoming more and more important for the organization to survive. Business excellence will be achieved only when employees are motivated to work for the company (Dam, 2008). In difficult circumstances like violence, fear, tragedy, job insecurity the stress factor puts burden on the employees which result in reduced performance. Nowadays organizations have come to realize that motivated and satisfied employees are needed to powerfully deliver their task. As employee motivation is one of the primary tasks of management hence it is of prime importance that the management takes care of the employee’s needs. Motivation Motivation is the willingness of the employees to exert high efforts to achieve organizational goals, which must also satisfy some individual need. Here the important factor is the ‘need’ which is internal to the employee that makes ce rtain outcome appears attractive. It is basically the psychological forces which determine the amount of effort along with the persistence level that the employee shows while facing any obstacle. A motivated employee himself finds solution to any obstacle that he will face and keep moving forward (Hay, 2002). The

Life Of Pi Essay English Literature Essay

Life Of Pi Essay English Literature Essay Life of Pi, written by Yann Martel, is an adventure Novel about a 16 year-old boy called Pi who , along with his family, gets shipwrecked. The theme is about struggling to survive against all odds. Only Pi and some animals survive. The book is divided into three parts: After the authors note, part 1 tells about Pis young life and his love of animals and religion. Part 2 is the main part of the book which describes the sinking of the ship which is carrying Pi, his family, the crew and some zoo animals. Pis family perish and Pi is left alone to survive with some animals. Eventually he manages to reach land. In part 3 he tells the story of his adventures but is not believed and he retells the story using humans instead of animals. The reader is left to make his own mind up regarding which is the more credible story. In Yann Martels Life of Pi, symbolism plays an important part. Throughout the story, the color orange appears many times. The color orange symbolizes survival and hope. Pi himself keeps hope when he is all alone on his lifeboat. He wants to survive no matter what happens. When the ship (Tsimtsum) sinks the Chinese crewman help him by giving Pi a lifejacket with an orange whistle; the lifeboat which was essential for his survival was also orange. In a flash forward at the end of part one before the ships sinks the narrator describes visiting adult Pi and his family at Pis home in Canada. Shes holding an orange cat in her arms. Two front legs sticking straight up and deeply sunk head are all that is visible of it above her crossed arms The rest of the cat is hanging all the way down to the floor. The animal seems quite relaxed about being stretched on the rack in this manner.(page 89) Usha (Pis daughter) holds an orange cat. This gives the reader a confirmation that Pi will survive the catastrophe. The orange cat symbolizes Richard Parker the Bengal tiger, who helps Pi to survive during his 227days at sea. The tiger, the lifeboat and the whistle (all orange) all contribute to the survival of Pi and give support during emotional difficult times. Pi explains how closely religion and zoology are aligned and he uses zoos as a symbol for religion. I know zoos are no longer in peoples good graces. Religion faces the same problem. Certain illusions about freedom plague them both.(page 29) Some people consider themselves to be free from any belief or religious system, just like others misunderstand that the wild is not free for an animal. Zoos are often critized because they take wild, noble animals from their natural habitat and put them into boring domesticated cages. Pi vehemently disagrees; he finds that animals are creatures of habit and will adjust to their new caged environment. In the zoo they have all their needs compressed into a safe environment. This is, according to Pi, heaven for animals. In the same way religion offers people boundaries within which they feel secure and safe. When Pi was desperate on his lifeboat he turned to religion. He had in fact three, Christianity, Islam and Hinduism. Pi explains: I practiced religious rituals that I adapted to the circumstances- solitary Masses without priests or consecrated Communion hosts, darshans without murtis, and pujas with turtle meat for Prasad, acts of devotion to Allah not knowing where Mecca was and getting my Arabic wrong. They brought me comfort. (page 187) When you believe in God or have faith in something you are certain of yourself. Unlike atheists who do not believe in anything which makes them uncertain, Pi embraces religion to gain certainty The quote above bears this out. Another symbol in the book is Pi which is the main character Piscines nickname. Pis full name is Piscine Molitor Patel. When he was still in primary school kids sometimes used to tease him by calling him Pissing instead of Piscine. Pi got his name from the swimming pool of Paris, Piscine des Tourelles and therefore children found Piscine hard to pronounce. My name is Piscine Molitor Patel Known to all as -I double underlined the first two letters of my given name- Pi Patel For good measure I added (Page 31) When Pi started going to secondary school he decided that to prevent people from calling him Pissing he decided to call himself Pi (see quote). The name Pi is a very unusual name and it also brings a great deal of symbolism with it. Pi is the Greek number for sixteen and Pi was sixteen when he got shipwrecked. The number Pi is used to determine the circumference of a circle with the formula: . There is also symbolism behind this because the correlation between the linear journey to Canada and the cycles of doubt and faith are experienced by Pi. The number Pi is a very complex number. In fact, it has so many decimal places that it is too difficult for human minds to accurately comprehend it, just as it says in the book that some realities/situations are just too difficult to face. Pis experiences are explained rationally by Pi. Pi uses pi () to figure out the circumference of the algae island. In brief it can be said that symbolism plays a big role in the story Life of Pi. The symbols help us to truly understand Pis fight for survival. The color orange, the animals, religion and pi are just a few examples of how symbolism is used in the story. Even though Pi changes his account of the sinking of the ship and his survival, (by substituting people for animals) the events remain consistent with his original story. Storytelling (with symbolism incorporated) helps Pi to rationalize his dramatic experience and overcome despair.

Manhood, Power and Respect instead of Childhood Essay

Dave Saunders is the main character of the story, the Theme of the Story is â€Å"Looking for Maturity, Respect and Power†. He is tired of been treated as a child, wants to spend his money to whatever he wants, because his mom holds his money, so he just wants to prove to the others that he is a Man. One day he decided to go the local store to buy a gun, which is the store of Mistah Joe, he ask Joe for a catalog, once he gets the catalog he went back home, his mom sees the catalog, and she doesn’t let him to buy, but after he tells her that the house needs a gun and also that he’s going to give the gun to his dad, she gives $2 for him to buy it. Next day he goes to Mistah Joe store to buy the gun, after buying it he goes to the field to admire the pistol. Next day of work, his is so excited that now his has a gun, he takes jenny the mule and goes far away, so he can test the gun, but accidentally he killed jenny. However, when everybody finds out that he is lying about jenny death, he decided to escape and leave all behind. And the story started like this. Dave Saunders 17 years-old, works at Mr. Hawkins fields, there is the place he makes his own money, and also when he begins his desire to get older, powerful and more respect. One day after he works at Mr. Hawkins fields he was heading home and thinking about the discussion that he had with others field hands that day, and also tired of being treated as a child. He resolves to get a gun for himself, so he can show more power to the others. Instead going home he goes to the local store that they offer a mail-catalog, which is the store of Mistah Joe, when he gets there he asks Mistah Joe for a gun, Mistah Joe Surprised says to Dave â€Å"ain’t nothing but a boy,† (Richard Wright) and he does not need a gun, but he nevertheless offer to sell an old pistol left-hand fully loaded for $2 dollars, Dave goes to his house so excited to ask his mom for $2 dollars to purchase the gun, but when he gets to his house Mrs. Saunders is angry because he has kept the dinner waiting, he sits down and Mrs. Saunders sees the catalog in his arm, and she sizes it, she takes the catalog and tells him to go wash his hands, when he comes back, Dave was so infatuated with the catalog that he did not notice that his father had spoken to him and his food is in front of him. But he knows if he asks his father the money the answer would be a straight NO, and he thinks that his mother is a little easier to persuade. But when he starts a conversation with her, she tells him â€Å"git outta here! Don yuh talk t me bout no gun! Yuh a fool!† (Richard Wright), but Dave states that the family needs a gun and after he buys it he will give to his father, Mrs. Saunders agrees to buy the gun but with one condition, as soon as he buys the gun it has to come straight to her possession and also make him promise that he will do it as she said. The first thing he does in the next morning is go to the Mistah Joe store and purchase the gun, while he comes back home, he stops in the field just to play with the gun and he starts shooting imagery objects, afterwards he gets home, he breaks his promise because he hide the gun under his pillow and tells his Mrs. Saunders that the pistol is hidden outside, and it is not true. He leaves his house very early in the morning, ties the pistol in his leg with a piece of flannel and goes to Mr. Hawkins field, he hooks up Jenny the mule and go plow the field far away so he can practicing shooting the gun and no one would hear it, but a fatality happened, he shot Jenny at his first shoot, when he realizes that Jenny is been shot he tried to plug dirty into the bullet hole to stop bleeding, but Jenny soon dies, he is frightened about what happened, he goes back to Mr. Hawkins and trying to tell a believable story about Jenny’s death, afterward someone finds Jenny and Dave make up a story that Jenny had something wrong and all of sudden fell on the point of the plow, but Mrs. Saunders knows it’s a lie, Dave is forced to tell the truth, when he assumed that he killed Jenny, Mr. Hawkins tells him that he has to pay $50 dollars for the mule, and he will take $2 dollars every month of his salary until he pays the $50 dollars. Dave feels annoyed because he has to pay back the mule, also very upset because all the others think he is a child more now than ever before. He decides to leave the city, by doing this he will leave all behind, his childhood and he will become a man as his desire. Dave Saunders is a boy that wants to get the power, the respect, the manhood and also the maturity that most of the men have. The gun seems to symbolize all this to Dave’s eyes, but it’s been showed that is just a phony imagination. Work Cited Richard Wright’s Parody of the Hunt Tradition in â€Å"The Man Who Was Almost a Man†(Fall 1986). Detroit: Gale Group, 2000

Ryanair’s Strategic Issues and Suggestion

Ryanair (0704007 business ) their strategy Ryanair's strategy is to offer their services with cheap price. So their competitive advantage is â€Å"Cheaper price† than other rivals. To maintain cheaper price than other rivals, they faces several problems. facing problems There were several challenges faced by low cost carriers in Europe like rising aviation fuel costs, ensuring staff productivity and maintaining a large fleet for expansion. 1. There are lots of airways which is provide cheap fare of flight such as easyjet, Virgin express, Air Berlin and so on.As minor airways use the same routine, minor airports get a purchasing power from the airlines competition. It is hard situation for Ryanair to minimize the fare. 2. The aviation turbine fuel costs fluctuated as economic and political situation changes and increasing demand of fuel. Also, the fuel should be paid by US dollars, so change of exchange rate affects to the fuel cost. Ryanair had not added surcharges like other airlines so that they could maintain lower fares.But increasing fuel cost makes hard to maintain lower price for Ryanair. 3. As I mentioned earlier, there are so many airlines offer cheap fares in Europe. The major competitors of Ryanair were easyJet, bmibaby, Air Berlin, SkyEurope, Wizz Air and Aer Lingus. Also, there were other low cost substitutes like train and tram services in Europe. 4. Ryanair want to expand their business in the European continent as it was becoming popular tourist destination. Also it is planning to expand its network to North Africa.It requires more aircraft, human resources, and agreements with airport authorities and governments. But the incidents of terrorism in UK and Europe, requirements from airport authorities and governments is hard for them. providing solutions 1. As there are quite lots of airlines which offer low fare of flight, they can be united and make a union of lower fare flight. Then they can have a purchasing power to local airports. 2. When the CEO judges the fuel cost goes up and thinks the time of low cost of fuel, CEO can make a long term contract with oil supplier.At this strategy, CEO's judgement is really important. Also, the company can do Forward Trading of oil. 3. Customers choose some airlines by fare and service. As the automatic devices are developed fast, they can reduce the cost by replacing from human resources to automatic devices. But the part of offering services, employees should be focused. 4. Do negotiation with the countries such as North Africa, US etc , then try to be liberalization. After the negotiation, business expansion will be easier.